課程進度
週次
日期
課程內容
篇　　名
1
2005/9/19
General introduction
Noe, A., & Thompson, E. (2002). Introduction. In A. Noe & E. Thompson (Eds.), Vision and mind: Selected readings in the philosophy of perception (pp. 1-14). The MIT Press.
Introduction
1.Tong, F. (2003). Primary visual cortex and visual awareness. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4, 219-229.
周蔚倫
2
2005/9/26
The Orthodox View
Fodor, J. A., & Pylyshyn, Z. W. (2002). How direct is visual perception? Some reflections on Gibson's "Ecological approach". In A. Noe & E. Thompson (Eds.), Vision and mind: Selected readings in the philosophy of perception (pp. 167-228). The MIT Press.
Neural events and consciousness
2. Kanwisher, N. (2001) Neural events and perceptual awareness. Cognition. 79 89-113.
廖心怡

作業一：

  1. 請參考Tong (2003)與Kanwisher(2001)的兩篇文章，說明目前共有哪幾類以大腦的神經活動來解釋人類意識的不同理論？這兩篇分別屬於何類？你比較贊同的是哪種？為什麼？
  2. 根據Kanwisher(2001)所列出的條件，若要支持V1在視覺意識扮演著關鍵的角色，如Tong(2003)所述，則應該繼續尋找哪些重要的證據？
  3. Kanwisher(2001)認為，大腦特定區域的神經活動並非意識的充分條件，要完整解釋主觀的意識經驗，還需建構知覺並將之歸諸為外在的來源。請分別以internalist與externalist的觀點剖析這樣的說法。
3
2005/10/3
The Orthodox View
 Marr, D . (2002). Selections from vision. In A. Noe & E. Thompson (Eds.), Vision and mind: Selected readings in the philosophy of perception (pp. 229-265). The MIT Press.
Neural correlates of consciousness
3. Rees, G., Kreiman, G. & Koch, C. (2002). Neural correlates of consciousness in humans. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3, 261-270.
林山源
Cognitive perspectives
4. Merikle, P. M., Smilek, D., & Eastwood, J. D. (2001). Perception without awareness: Perspectives from Cognitive Psychology. Cognition, 79, 115-134.
林永雋

作業二

  1. 根據David Marr的三層次理論架構，目前認知神經科學界對於意識的研究著重在哪方面？欠缺了什麼？
  2. Perception with awareness vs. perception without awareness的主要差別在哪裡？認知心理學家如何探討這個問題？
  3. 請閱讀Dehaene et al. (2001)與Rees (2001)，說明認知心理學所研究的Perception without awareness此一議題，如何在神經活動的層次予以驗證？
5
2005/10/17
Some Concepts of Consciousness
 Block, N. (2002). Concepts of Consciousness. In D. J. Chalmers (ed.), Philosophy of Mind: Classical and Contemporary Readings (pp. 206-218), Oxford University Press.
Neural decoding of visual and mental states
5. Haxby J. V., Gobbini , M. I., Furey, M. L., Ishai, A., Schouten, J. L., & Pietrini, P. (2001). Distributed and overlapping representations of faces and objects in ventral temporal cortex. Science, 293, 2425-2430.
邱耀慶
6. Kamitani, Y., & Tong, F. (2005). Decoding the visual and subjective contents of the human brain. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 679-685.
張峰賓

作業三

  1. 你認為是否可能採用Kamitani & Tong (2005)的方法於Haxby et al. (2001)的object form topography，以便由fMRI的反應圖來解讀出觀察者正在看的物體是什麼？請提供理由。
  2. 根據Ned Block的定義，試著剖析Haxby et al. (2001)與Kamitani & Tong (2005)這兩篇所探討的是屬於哪種意識。
  3. 請分別以internalism與externalism的觀點，說明心理學家嘗試用fMRI來做mind-reading時，所面臨的問題以及可能的解決方案。
6
2005/10/24
Paradox and Cross Purposes in Recent Work on Consciousness

Block, N. (2001). Paradox and cross purposes in recent work on consciousness. Cognition, 79, 197-219.

Mechanisms of selective and constructive perception: Binocular rivalry
7. Blake, R. & Logothetis, N. K. (2002). Visual competition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3, 13-21.
蘇玉馨
8. Tong, F., & Engel, S. A. (2001). Interocular rivalry revealed in the human cortical blind-spot representation. Nature, 411, 195-199.
洪英芷

作業四

  1. 你覺得Tong & Engel (2001)是否解決了Blake & Logothetis (2001)的Box 2: Unsolved issues中的第一項？請說明理由。
  2. 請參考Blake & Logothetis (2001)的Box 2: Unsolved issues，想出一個可能的研究來解決其中一個爭議。
  3. 根據Block（2001）的定義，試著剖析(1)Tong & Engel (2001)，與(2)在課堂上展示的motion induced blindness現象（見http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/mot_mib/），分別屬於哪種意識。
7
2005/10/31
The Enactive Approach
 Thompson, E., Palacios, A., & Varela, F. J. (2002). Ways of coloring: Comparative color vision as a case study for cognitive science. In A. Noe & E. Thompson (Eds.), Vision and mind: Selected readings in the philosophy of perception (pp. 351-418). The MIT Press.
Mechanisms of selective and constructive perception: Perceptual filling-in
9. De Weerd P, Gattass R, Desimone R, & Ungerleider L G, (1995). Responses of cells in monkey visual cortex during perceptual filling-in of an artificial scotoma. Nature, 377, 731–734.
邱盛揚
10. Meng, M., Remus, D. R., & Tong, F. (2005). Filling-in of visual phantoms in the human brain. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 1248 – 1254.
林蕙潔

作業五

  1. 請舉出De Weerd et al. (1995)與Meng et al. (2005)這兩篇研究的差異，並試著解釋這些差異。
  2. 根據Ned Block的定義，試著剖析Meng et al. (2005)是屬於哪種意識？為何說objectivisim無法解釋他們的資料？
  3. 心理學家經常在一個特定的科學範疇內做研究(normative science)，有時是方法上不得不然的限制，有時卻可能忘了做研究時的內隱假設是什麼。Thompson et al. (2002)的提醒，你覺得最有參考價值的是什麼？
8
2005/11/7
The Sensorimotor Contingency Theory
 Teller, D. Y. (2002). Linking propositions. In A. Noe & E. Thompson (Eds), Vision and mind: Selected readings in the philosophy of perception (pp. 289-318). The MIT Press.

期中報告(12月5日前繳交完畢，直接呈交給洪裕宏教授)：

請以自己的觀點，來討論Ned Block所謂的X可能是什麼？
Binding
11. Wheeler, M. E., & A. M. Treisman (2002). Binding in short-term visual memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 131: 48-64.
藍尹襄
12. Treisman, A. (2003). Consciousness and perceptual binding. In Axel Cleeremans (Ed.), The Unity of Consciousness: Binding, Integration, and Dissociation, Oxford University Press, pp. 95-113.
邱千蕙

作業六

  1. 請由Wheeler & Treisman (2002)的研究，說明注意力在人類意識所扮演的角色。
  2. 根據Treisman (2003)，意識與binding的關係是什麼？
  3. 為何Treisman (2003)要區分binding of properties (or parts) 與perceptual grouping，並認為二者有不同的機制？
9
2005/11/14
The Sensorimotor Contingency Theory
 Noe, A., & O'Regan, J. K. (2002). On the brain-basis of visual consciousness: A sensorimotor account. In A. Noe & E. Thompson (Eds.), Vision and mind: Selected readings in the philosophy of perception (pp. 567-598). The MIT Press
Binding,oscillation, and synchrony
13.Treisman, A. (1998). Feature binding, attention and object perception. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 353, 1295-1306.
陳冠銘
14.Engel, A. K., Fries, P., & Singer, W. (2001). Dynamic predictions: Oscillations and synchrony in top-down processing. Nature Reviews, 2, 704-716.
黃大倫

作業七

  1. Treisman (1998)以怎樣的論述與證據，來說明Binding problem is a real one?
  2. Noe & O’Regan (2002)以怎樣的論述來說明Binding problem is not a real one?你覺得應該尋求怎樣的證據以支持他們的看法？
  3. 試著整合Treisman (1998)的圖一與Engel et al. (2001)的圖四，說明如何以oscillation與 synchrony，做為物體知覺中feature binding的神經相關機制。
10
2005/11/21
The Importance of Action and Embodiment

Neural network modeling: Basic concepts.
The global workspace model
15. Dehaene, S., & Naccache, L. (2001). Towards a cognitive neuroscience of consciousness: Basic evidence and a workspace framework. Cognition, 79, 1-37.
蔡方之
作業八
  1. 請參考Dehaene and Naccache (2001) 的Final remarks (p.29)一節，採用他們的global workspace model來說明以下其中一項：(1) voluntary action and free will, (2) qualia and phenomenal consciousness, (3) sense of self and reflexive consciousness, (4) evolution of consciousness。
  2. 你同意Dehaene and Naccache (2001)的圖二(p.21)中，C圖是impossible situation嗎？請說明理由。
  3. 請根據global workspace model，說明注意力在人類意識所扮演的角色。
11
2005/11/28
The Importance of Action and Embodiment

Evans, G. (2002). Molyneux's question. In A. Noe & E. Thompson (Eds), Vsion and mind: Selected readings in the philosophy of perception (pp. 319-350). The MIT Press.

Bach-Rita, P. (2002). Sensory substitution and qualia. In A. Noe & E. Thompson (Eds.), Vision and mind: Selected readings in the philosophy of perception (pp. 497-514). The MIT Press.

Milner, A. D., & Goodale, M. A. (2002). The visual brain in action. In A. Noe & E. Thompson (Eds.), Vision and mind: Selected readings in the philosophy of perception (pp. 515-530). The MIT Press.
Perception of statistical properties

16. Chong, S. C. & Treisman, A. (2003). Representation of statistical properties, Vision Research, 43, 393-404.
林伯聰
17. Chong, S. C. & Treisman, A. (2005). Statistical processing: Computing the average size in perceptual groups. Vision Research, 45, 891-900.

作業九

  1. 根據Chong and Treisman (2003, 2005)，preattentive abstraction of statistical properties包括orientation, motion, center of shape, and mean size（Ｙ），而這些是在perceptual grouping by location or color（Ｘ）之後才運作的。除此之外，請列舉一項其他可能的Ｘ (或Ｙ)，並簡略說明如何以實驗來驗證。
  2. 根據Treisman的理論，注意力在binding of properties (or parts) 與perceptual grouping扮演的角色有何不同？
  3. 試著以Chong and Treisman (2003, 2005)的結果，來解釋The grand illusion。
12
2005/12/5
Surface, binding and attention
18.Watanabe, K., & Shimojo, S. (1998). Attentional modulation in perception of visual motion events. Perception, 27, 1041-1054.
葉素玲教授
19.Wu, D. A., Kanai, R., Shimojo, S. (2004). Steady-state misbinding of colour and motion. Nature, 429, 262.
柯佳杏
20. Moradi, F. & Shimojo, S. (2004). Perceptual-binding and persistent surface segregation. Vision Research, 44, 2885-99.

作業十

  1. 過去有諸多顯示出misbinding的研究，你認為Wu, Kanai, & Shimojo (2004)這篇最大的貢獻是什麼?若有人採用90度差異的運動方向（而非如他們所用的180度）卻無法做出相同的結果，你認為這說明了什麼？
  2. 根據Moradi & Shimojo (2004)，你認為surface-, feature-, object-, location-based attention四者之間的關係為何？
  3. 你同意Watanabe & Shimojo (1998)的attentional modulation hypothesis嗎？試著想出attention facilitates streaming percept的理由。
13
2005/12/12
The Argument from Illusion
 Dennett, D. C. (2002). Seeing is believing - or is it? In A. Noe & E. Thompson (Eds.), Vision and mind: Selected readings in the philosophy of perception (pp. 481-498). The MIT Press.
Introspective physicalism
21. Jack, A. I., & Shallice, T. (2001). Introspective physicalism as an approach to the science of consciousness. Cognition, 79, 161-96.
池尻敬文

作業十一

  1. 請各以一個實例說明Jack and Shallice (2001)所列出的七種type-C processes。
  2. Introspection與Physicalism是否以及如何可以相容不悖？
  3. Jack and Shallice (2001)的觀點是否為Dennett (2002)所謂的Cartesian Theater?請說明理由。
14
2005/12/19
Thought and Experience
 Chalmers, D. J. (1995). Face up to the problem of consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 2, 200-219.
Distributed representation of space and time: microconsciousness
22.Zeki, S. (2005). The Ferrier Lecture 1995 behind the seen: the functional specialization of the brain in space and time. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: B, 360, 1145-83.
許舜斌
23.Baars, B. J. (2002). The Conscious Access Hypothesis: Origins and Recent Evidence. Trends Cogn Sci. 6, 47-52.
蕭百娸

作業十二

  1. Zeki (2005)如何駁斥global workspace theory of consciousness? 反之，Barrs (2002)可能如何反駁Zeki的microconsciousness理論？
  2. Zeki (2005)如何反駁V1在意識經驗中扮演關鍵的角色？
  3. 你認為Zeki（2005）的microconsciousness理論有哪些不足之處需要補強？
   
Time and the observer
Dennett, D. C., & Kinsbourne, M. l. (1992). Time and the observer. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 15, 183-247.
15
2005/12/26
“Inattentional” blindness
24.Sergent, C., Baillet, S., Dehaene, S. (2005). Timing of the brain events underlying access to consciousness during the attentional blink. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 1391-1400.
曾昱翔

25. Driver, J., & Vuilleumier, P. (2001). Perceptual awareness and its loss in unilateral neglect and extinction. Cognition, 79, 39-88.
蘇怡嘉
   

作業十三

  1. 為何Driver and Vuilleumier (2001)認為inferior parietal lobe在perceptual awareness有著關鍵的角色？
  2. Sergent, Baillet, and Dehaene (2005)以怎樣的證據支持Global neuronal workspace model?你認為此實徵結果是否有其他的解釋方式？
  3. Dennett and Kinsbourne (1992)的multiple drafts model與Zeki (2005)的microconsciousness model有何不同？
   
Time and the observer
Damasio, A. R. (2002). Remembering when: Several brain structures contribute to "mind time," organizing chronologies of remembered events. Scientific American, 287, 66-73.
16
2005/1/2
Gaze and attention
26. Bisley, J. W, & Goldberg, M. E. (2003). Neuronal activity in the lateral intraparietal area and spatial attention. Science, 299, 81-86.
林姿呈
27. Shimojo, S., Simion, C., Shimojo, E. (2003). Gaze bias both reflects and influences preference. Nature Neuroscience, 6, 1317-1322.
游皓翔
   

作業十四

  1. 你認為Shimojo et al., (2003)的研究，除了眼睛凝視的位置與吸引力偏好的選擇此二者之間有相關之外，是否還能進一步確認因果關係？請說明理由。
  2. Bisley and Goldberg (2003)的研究，雖說想支持的是Desimone and Duncan(1995)的biased competition model of attention，但你覺得此研究能否做為Dennett and Kinsbourne (1992)的multiple drafts model of consciousness的生理基礎，以解決後者的grounding problem？
  3. 請參考Shimojo et al., (2003)與Bisley and Goldberg (2003)，設想若眼睛不動而注意力對兩張臉孔的投注時間有差別，是否也會產生偏好選擇的差異？
17
2005/1/9
Crossmodal integration
28. Hasegawa, R. P., Blitz, A. M., Geller, N. L. & Goldberg, M. E. (2000). Neurons in monkey prefrontal cortex that track past or predict future performance. Science, 290, 1786-1789.
簡芃

29. Shams, L., Kamitani, Y. & Shimojo, S. (2000). What you see is what you hear. Nature, 408, 788.
嚴如玉
30. Bhattacharya, J., Shams, L., Shimojo, S. (2002). Sound-induced illusory flash perception : Role of gamma band responses. NeuroReport, 13, 1727-1730.
作業十五
  1. 在探索sound-induced illusory flash的生理基礎時，Bhattacharya et al. (2002)為何要檢視gamma band responses? 你認為相同的方式，是否可用來檢視Watanabe and Shimojo (1998)或Wu, Kanai, and Shimojo(2004)的錯覺現象？
  2. Hasegawa et al. (2000)在前額葉發現細胞的反應與過去或未來的表現有關。請根據我們這學期上課的內容，說明這與意識的關連。並據此推論，是否還有其他區域可以發現類似的細胞反應？
  3. 請就幾個不同理論說明激發強度(strength of activation)在人類意識所可能扮演的角色。
 

期末報告(95年1月13日中午前繳交完畢，直接呈交給洪裕宏教授)：

請寫出上完一學期意識與知覺哲學部分課程後的個人意見、觀點、心得或思考？